Adaptive Behav.

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Adaptive Behavior: Theory, Definition, and Assessment Resources
Definition and theoretical references	Reviews of adaptive behavior scales	Factor structure research literature	Maladaptive behavior literature	Recommended books from APA and AAMR

The following references are from the IAP Reference Database and deal with the the definition and theory of the construct of adaptive behavior, a construct that is intimately involved in the definition of mental retardation.

Bruininks, R. H., Thurlow, M. L., & Gilman, C. J. (1987). Adaptive behavior and mental retardation. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 69-88.

Clausen, J. (1972). The continuing problem of defining mental deficiency. The Journal of Special Education, 6(1), 97-107.

Coulter, W. A. (1980). Adaptive behavior and professional disfavor: Controversies and trends for school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 9(1), 67-74.

Coulter, W. A., & Morrow, H. W. (1978). Adaptive behavior: Concepts and measurement. New York, San Francisco, London: Grune & Stratton.

Flynn, J. R. (1985). Wechsler Intelligence Tests: Do we really have a criterion of mental retardation? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90(3), 236-244.

Greenspan, S. (1997). Dead manual walking? Why the 1992 AAMR definition needs redoing. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, September, 179-190.

Greenspan, S. (1981). Defining childhood social competence. Advances in Special Education, 3, 1-39.

Greenspan, S., & Granfield, J. M. (1992). Reconsidering the construct of mental retardation: Implications of a model of social competence. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(4), 442-453.

Gresham, F. M., & MacMillan, D. L. (1995). Critical analysis of the 1992 AAMR definition: Implications for school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 10(1), 1-19.

Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1987). The relationship between adaptive behavior and social skills: Issues in definition and assessment. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 167-181.

Hodapp, R. M., & Zigler, E. (1986). Reply to Barnett's comments on the definition and classification of mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(2), 117-119.

Horn, E., & Fuchs, D. (1987). Using adaptive behavior in assessment and intervention: An overview. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 11-26.

Huberty, T. J., Koller, J. R., & Ten-Brink, T. D. (1980). Adaptive behavior in the definition of mental retardation. Exceptional Children, 46, 256-261.

Ittenbach, R., Spiegel, A., McGrew, k., & & Bruininks, R. (1992). A confirmatory factor analysis of early childhood ability measures within a model of personal competence. Journal of School Psychology, 30, 307-323.

Jenkinson, J. C. (1996). Identifying intellectual disability: Some problems in the measurement of intelligence and adaptive behaviour. Australian Psychologist, 31(2), 97-102.

Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Snell, M. E., & Spitalnik, D. M. (1996). The 1992 AAMR Definition and preschool children: Response from the committee on terminology and classification. Mental Retardation, August, 247-253.

MacMillan, D. L., Siperstein, G. N., & Gresham, F. M. (1996). A challenge to the viability of mild mental retardation as a diagnostic category. Exceptional Children, 62(4), 356-371.

Mathias, J. L., Nettelbeck, T., & Willson, R. J. (1996). A reply to Greenspan and McGrew's "Need for theory-based methods to test theory-based questions". Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(2), 153-160.

Mathias, J. L. (1990). Social intelligence, social competence, and interpersonal competence. In N. W. Bray (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation Vol. 16 (pp. 126-160).

McCarver, R. B., & Campbell, V. A. (1987). Future developments in the concept and application of adaptive behavior. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 197-207.

McGrew, K. S., & Bruininks, R. H. (1989). The factor structure of adaptive behavior. School Psychology Review, 18, 64-81.

McGrew, K. S., & Bruininks, R. H. (1990). Defining adaptive and maladaptive behavior within a model of personal competence. School Psychology Review, 19(1), 53-73.

McGrew, K. S., Bruininks, R. H., & Thurlow, M. L. (1992). Relationship between measures of adaptive functioning and community adjustment for adults with mental retardation. Exceptional Children, 58, 517-529.

Meyers, C., Nihira, K., & Zetlin, A. (1979). The measurement of adaptive behavior. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook on mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research 2nd ed., (pp. 431-481). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Vig, S., & Jedrysek, E. (1996). Application of the 1992 AAMR definition: Issues for preschool children. Mental Retardation, August, 244-246.

The following references are from the IAP Reference Database and represent reviews of various adaptive behavior scales.

Camp, B. (1989). A review of the Scales of Independent Behavior. In J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 712-713). Lincoln, Nebraska: The Buros Institute on Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Cummings, J. A., & Simon, M. S. (1988). Test review: Scales of Independent Behavior: Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Part Four. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 6, 315-320.

Evans, L. D., & Johnson-Bradley, S. (1988). A review of recently developed measures of adaptive behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 25, 276-287.

Harrison, P. L. (1987). Research with adaptive behavior scales. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 37-68.

Ipsen, S. M. (1986). Test review: Scales of Independent Behavior Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery Part Four. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 21(2), 153-154.

Johnson, R. (1989). A review of the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning. In J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 384-385). Lincoln, Nebraska: The Buros Institute on Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Kamphaus, R. W. (1987). Conceptual and psychometric issues in the assessment of adaptive behavior. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 27-35.

Kavale, K. (1989). A review of the Children's Adaptive Behavior Scale. In J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 162-164).

Meyers, C., Nihira, K., & Zetlin, A. (1979). The measurement of adaptive behavior. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook on mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research 2nd ed., (pp. 431-481). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Reynolds, C. R. (1987). Critiques of school psychological materials. Journal of School Psychology, 25, 97-100.

Rysberg, J. A. (1989). A review of the Brief Index of Adaptive Behavior. In J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 110-111). Lincoln, Nebraska: The Buros Institute on Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Sattler, J. (1989). A review of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. In J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 879-881). Lincoln, Nebraska: The Buros Institute on Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Smith, C. (1989). A review of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory. J. C. Conoley, & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 21-24). Lincoln, Nebraska: The Buros Institute on Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Snyder, M. M. (1985). Review of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Diagnostique, 11(1), 40-51.

Spreat, S. (1982). The AAMD Behavior Scale: A psychometric review. Journal of School Psychology, 20(1), 45-56.

Stevens, F. I. (1986). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Classroom Edition. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 112-113.

Taylor, R. L. (1985). Measuring adaptive behavior: Issues and instruments. Focus on Exceptional Children, 18(2), 1-8.

The following references are from the IAP Reference Database and are articles related to the factor structure of the adaptive behavior construct and adaptive behavior scales factor structure of the adaptive behavior construct and adaptive behavior scales.

Arndt, S. (1981). A general measure of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85(5), 554-556.

Bruininks, R. H., & McGrew, K. S. (1987). Exploring the structure of adaptive behavior. Minneapolis, MN: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota.

Bruininks, R. H., Thurlow, M. L., McGrew, K. S., & Lewis, D. R. (1990). Dimensions of community adjustment among young adults with intellectual disabilties. Key Issues in Mental Retardation Research, 435-448.

Bruininks, R. H., McGrew, K. S., & Maruyama, G. (1988). Structure of adaptive behavior in samples with and without mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 93(3), 265-272.

Coulter, W. A., & Morrow, H. W. (1978). Adaptive behavior: Concepts and measurement. New York, San Francisco, London: Grune & Stratton.

Cunningham, T., & Presnall, D. (1978). Relationship between dimensions of adaptive behavior and sheltered workshop productivity. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82(4), 386-393.

Gatherer, A. J. H., & Sturmey, P. (1991). The psychometric properties of the Behaviour Assessment Record(the BAR schedule). Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 35, 529-536.

Greenfield, D. B., Wasserstein, S. B., Gold, S., & Jorden, B. (1997). The Adaptive Social Behavior Inventory (ASBI): Evaluation with high-risk preschoolers. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 322-333.

Guarnaccia, V. J. (1976). Factor structure and correlates of adaptive behavior in noninstitutionalized retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80(5), 543-547.

Harrison, P. L. (1987). Research with adaptive behavior scales. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 37-68.

Harvey, P. D., Davidson, M., Mueser, K. T., Parrella, M., White, L., & Powchik, P. (1997). Social-adaptive functioning evaluation (SAFE): A rating scale for geriatric psychiatric patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23(1), 131-145.

Holman, J. G., & Bruininks, R. H. (1985). Assessing and training adaptive behaviors. In K. L. Lakin, & R. H. Bruininks (Eds.), Strategies for achieving community integration of developemntally disabled citizens (pp. 73-104). Baltimore, London: Paul H Brooks Publishing Co.

Hug, N., Barclay, A., Collins, H., & Lamp, R. (1978). Valdity and factor structure of the Preschool Attainment Record in Head Start. The Journal of Psychology, 99, 71-74.

Hug, N., Barclay, A., Collins, H., & Lamp, R. (1978). Validity and factor structure of the Preschool Attainment Record in Head Start children. The Journal of Psychology, 99, 71-74.

Katz-Garris, L., Hadley, T. J., Barris, R. P., & Barnhill, B. (1980). A factor analytic study of the Adaptive Behavior Scale. Pychological Reports, 47, 807-814.

Lambert, N. M., & Nicoll, R. C. (1976). Dimensions of adaptive behavior of retarded and nonretarded public-school children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 18(2), 135-146.

McCarver, R. B., & Campbell, V. A. (1987). Future developments in the concept and application of adaptive behavior. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 197-207.

McGrew, K. S., & Bruininks, R. H. (1989). The factor structure of adaptive behavior. School Psychology Review, 18, 64-81.

Meyers, C., Nihira, K., & Zetlin, A. (1979). The measurement of adaptive behavior. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook on mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research 2nd ed., (pp. 431-481). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Millsap, P. A., Thackery, M., & Cook, V. J. (1987). Dimensional structure of the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children (ABIC): Analyses and implications . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 5, 61-66.

Moss, S. C., & Hogg, J. (1990). Factorial and hierarchical cluster analysis of the Adaptive Behavior Scales (Part I & II) in a population of older people (50 years +) with severe intellectual impairment (mental handicap). Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16(4), 381-392..

Nihira, K. (1976). Dimensions of adaptive behavior in institutionalized mentally retarded children and adults: Developmental perspective. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81(3), 215-226.

Owens, E. P., & Bowling, D. H. (1970). Internal consistency and factor structure of the Preschool Attainment Record. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 75(2), 170-171.

Quay, L. C., & Steele, D. C. (1997). The dimensionality, stability, and predictive validity of the Developmental Profile II. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 113-122.

Reynolds, W. M. (1981). Measurement of personal competence of mentally retarded individuals. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85(4), 368-376.

Roberts, C., McCoy, M., Reidy, D., & Crucitti, F. (1993). A comparison of methods of assessing adaptive behaviour in pre-school children with developmental disabilities. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 18(4), 261-272.

Silverman, W. P., Silver, E. J., Lubin, R. A., & Sersen, E. A. (1983). Structure of the Minnesota Developmental Programming System Behavioral Scales, Alternate Form C. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(2), 170-176.

Silverstein, B., Wothke, W., & Slabaugh, R. (1988). Toward parsimony with comprehensiveness: Management applications of MDPS factor scores. Mental Retardation, 26(3), 145-153.

Song, A., Jones, S., Lippert, J., Metzgen, K., Miller, J., & Borreca, C. (1984). Wisconsin Behavior Rating Scale: Measure of adaptive behavior for the developmental levels of 0 to 3 years. American Jounral of Mental Deficiency, 88(4), 401-410.

Sparrow, S. S. (1978). Behavior rating inventory for moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82(4), 365-374.

Sparrow, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1984). The Behavior Inventory for Rating Development (BIRD): Assessments of reliability and factorial validity. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 219-231.

Spirrison, C. L., & Pierce, P. S. (1992). Psychometric characteristics of the Adult Functional Adaptive Behavior Scale (AFABS). The Gerontologist, 32(2), 234-239.

Sturmey, P. (1994). Behavior assessment of older adults: A review of factor analytic studies and a proposed model. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 107-114.

Thackery, M. (1991). A principal components analysis of the Comprehensive Test of Adaptive Behavior. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(2), 213-215.

Widaman, K. F., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., & Little, T. D. (1991). The structure and development of adaptive behaviors. In N. W. Bray (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation Vol. 17 (pp. 1-54).

Widaman, K. F., Gibbs, K. W., & Geary, D. C. (1987). Structure of adaptive behavior: I. Replication across fourteen samples of nonprofoundly mentally retarded people. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(4), 348-360.

Widaman, K. F. & McGrew, K. S. (1996). The structure of adaptive behavior. In J. W. Jacobson & J. A. Mulick (Eds.) Manual of diagnosis and professional practice in mental retardation (pp. 97-110). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Widaman, K. F., Stacy, A. W., & Borthwick-Duffy, S. A. (1993). Construct validity of dimensions of adaptive behavior: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98(2), 219-234.

The following references are from the IAP Reference Database and are articles related to the construct of maladaptive behavior.

Aman, M. G., Burrow, W. H., & Wolford, P. L. (1995). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community: Factor validity and effect of subject variables for adults in group homes. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100(3), 283-292.

Aman, M. G., Richmond, G., Stewart, A. W., Bell, J. C., & Kissel, R. C. (1987). The Aberrant Behavior Checklist: Factor structure and the effect of subject variables in American and New Zealand facilities. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(6), 570-578.

Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985). The Abberant Behavior Checklist: A behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89(5), 485-491.

Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart, A. W., & Field, C. J. (1985). Psychometric characteristics of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89(5), 492-502.

Arndt, S. (1981). A general measure of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85(5), 554-556.

Bihm, E. M., & Poindexter, A. R. (1991). Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Abberant Behavior Checklist for persons with mental retardation . American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(2), 209-211.

Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Lane, K. L., & Widaman, K. F. (1997). Measuring problem behaviors in children with mental retardation: Dimensions and predictors. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18(6), 415-433.

Bowen, I., & Gerry, M. (1995). Changes in adaptive and maladaptive behaviour of clients in community-based residential facilities. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 20(4), 299-312.

Bruininks, R. H., & McGrew, K. S. (1987). Exploring the structure of adaptive behavior. Minneapolis, MN: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota.

Bruininks, R. H., Thurlow, M. L., McGrew, K. S., & Lewis, D. R. (1990). Dimensions of community adjustment among young adults with intellectual disabilties. Key Issues in Mental Retardation Research, 435-448.

Bruininks, R. H., Thurlow, M. L., & Gilman, C. J. (1987). Adaptive behavior and mental retardation. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 69-88.

Cheramie, G. M., & Edwards, R. P. (1990). The AAMD ABS-SE, Part Two: Criterion-related validity in a behavior-disordered sample. Psychology in the Schools, 27, 186-195.

Cheramie, G. M. (1994). The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition, Part Two: Test-retest reliability and parent-teacher agreement in a behavior disordered sample. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 275-283.

Coulter, W. A., & Morrow, H. W. (1978). Adaptive behavior: Concepts and measurement. New York, San Francisco, London: Grune & Stratton.

Cunningham, T., & Presnall, D. (1978). Relationship between dimensions of adaptive behavior and sheltered workshop productivity. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82(4), 386-393.

Demb, H. B., Brier, N., Huron, R., & Tomor, E. (1994). The Adolescent Behavior Checklist: Normative data and sensitivity and specificity of a screening tool for diagnosable psychiatric disorders in adolescents with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(2), 151-165.

Dunn, C. W., & Tucker, C. M. (1993). Black children's adaptive functioning and maladaptive behavior associated with quality of family support. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, 79-87.

Emerson, E., & Bromley, J. (1995). The form and function of challenging behaviors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39(5), 388-398.

Evans, L. D., & Johnson-Bradley, S. (1988). A review of recently developed measures of adaptive behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 25, 276-287.

Greenfield, D. B., Wasserstein, S. B., Gold, S., & Jorden, B. (1997). The Adaptive Social Behavior Inventory (ASBI): Evaluation with high-risk preschoolers. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 322-333.

Greenspan, S. (1981). Defining childhood social competence. Advances in Special Education, 3, 1-39.

Greenspan, S., & Granfield, J. M. (1992). Reconsidering the construct of mental retardation: Implications of a model of social competence. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(4), 442-453.

Havercamp, S. M., & Reiss, S. (1997). The Reiss screen for maladaptive behavior: Confirmatory factor analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(10), 967-971.

Heller, T., & Factor, A. (1991). Permanency planning for adults with mental retardation living with family caregivers. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 96(2), 163-176.

Hile, M. G. (1989). Two automated systems for behavioral assessment of clients with mental retardation or developmental disabilities. Computers in Human Services, 5, 183-191.

Huberty, T. J. (1987). Factor analysis of the WISC-R and the Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition for a referral sample. Journal of School Psychology, 25, 405-410.

Kearney, C. A., Durand, M., & Mindell, J. A. (1995). It's not where but how you live: Choice and adaptive/maladaptive behavior in persons with severe handicaps. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 7(1), 11-24.

Lambert, N. M. (1986). Evidence on age and ethnic status bias in factor scores and the comparison score for the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition. Journal of School Psychology, 24, 143-153.

Malec, J. F., & Thompson, J. M. (1994). Relationship of the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory to functional outcome and cognitive performance measures. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 9(4), 1-15.

Mathias, J. L. (1990). Social intelligence, social competence, and interpersonal competence. In N. W. Bray (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation Vol. 16 (pp. 126-160).

Matson, J. L., Kiely, S. L., & Bamburg, J. W. (1997). The effect of stereotypies on adaptive skills as assessed with the DASH-II and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18(6), 471-476.

McDermott, P. A. (1993). National standardization of uniform multisituational measures of child and adolescent behavior pathology. Psychological Assessment, 5(4), 413-424.

McGrew, K. S., & Bruininks, R. H. (1989). The factor structure of adaptive behavior. School Psychology Review, 18, 64-81.

McGrew, K. S., & Bruininks, R. H. (1990). Defining adaptive and maladaptive behavior within a model of personal competence. School Psychology Review, 19(1), 53-73.

McGrew, K. S., Bruininks, R. H., & Thurlow, M. L. (1992). Relationship between measures of adaptive functioning and community adjustment for adults with mental retardation. Exceptional Children, 58, 517-529.

Mercer, J. R. (1973). The pluralistic assessment project: Sociocultural effects in clinical assessment. School Psychology Digest, 2, 10-18.

Merrell, K. W., & Popinga, M. R. (1994). The Alliance of adaptive behavior and social competence: An examination of relationships between the scales of independent behavior and the social skills rating system. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(1), 39-47.

Morreau, L. E. (1985). Assessing and managing problem behaviors. In K. L. Lakin, & R. H. Bruininks (Eds.), Strategies for acheiving community integration of developmentally disabled citizens (pp. 105-127). Baltimore, London: Paul H Brooks Publishing Co.

Moss, S. C., & Hogg, J. (1990). Factorial and hierarchical cluster analysis of the Adaptive Behavior Scales (Part I & II) in a population of older people (50 years +) with severe intellectual impairment (mental handicap). Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16(4), 381-392.

Nihira, K., Webster, R., Tomiyasu, Y., & Oshio, C. (1988). Child-environment relationships: A cross-cultural study of educable mentally retarded children and their families. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 327-341.

Nihira, K., Price-Williams, D. R., & White, J. F. (1988). Social competence and maladaptive behavior of people with dual diagnosis. Journal of the Multihandicapped Person, 1(3), 185-199.

Ono, Y. (1996). Factor validity and reliability for the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-community in a Japanese population with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 303-309.

Pawlarczyk, D., & Schumacher, K. (1983). Concurrent validity of the Behavior Development Survey. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87(6), 619-626.

Pearson, D. A., & Lachar, D. (1994). Using behavioral questionnaires to identify adaptive deficits in elementary school children. Journal of School Psychology, 32(1), 33-52.

Perry, A., & Factor, D. C. (1989). Psychometric validity and clinical usefulness of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale for an autistic sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(1), 41-55.

Reiss, S. (1997). Comments on the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviour and its factor structure. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41(4), 346-354.

Reiss, S. (1992). Assessment of a man with a dual diagnosis. Mental Retardation, 30(1), 1-6.

Reiss, S., & Valenti-Hein, D. (1994). Development of a psychopathology rating scale for children with mental retardation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 28-33.

Rojahn, J., Tasse, M. J., & Sturmey, P. (1997). The stereotyped behavior scale for adolescents and adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102(2), 137-146.

Roszkowski, M. J., & Dean, A. G. (1980). The Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) and IQ: How much unshared variance is there? Psychology in the Schools, 17, 452-459.

Roszkowski, M. J., Spreat, S., & Waldman, R. (1983). A canonical correlation between adaptive and maladaptive aspects of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(2), 225-228.

Sands, D. J., & Dunlap, W. R. (1991). A functional classification for independent living for persons with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 75-80.

Silverstein, A. B., Lozano, D., & White, J. F. (1989). Reflections on "A cluster analysis of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals". American Journal on Mental Retardation , 94(1), 12-14.

Simeonsson, R. J., Chen, J., & Hu, Y. (1995). Functional assessment of Chinese children with the ABILITIES index. Disability and Rehabilitation, 17(7), 400-410.

Sparrow, S. S. (1978). Behavior rating inventory for moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82(4), 365-374.

Sparrow, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1987). Adaptive behavior and the psychologically disturbed child. Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 89-100.

Sparrow, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1984). The Behavior Inventory for Rating Development (BIRD): Assessments of reliability and factorial validity. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 219-231.

Sturmey, P. (1994). Behavior assessment of older adults: A review of factor analytic studies and a proposed model. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 107-114.

Sturmey, P., Burcham, K. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1995). The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior: Its reliability and internal consistencies. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39(3), 191-195.

Sturmey, P., Jamieson, J., Burcham, J., Shaw, B., & Bertman, L. (1996). The factor structure of the Reiss Screen for maladaptive behaviors in institutional and community populations. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 285-291.

Sturmey, P., & Bertman, L. J. (1994). Validity of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99(2), 201-206.

Tucker, C. M., Brady, B. A., Harris, Y. R., Fraser, K., & Tribble, I. (1993). The association of selected parent behaviors with the adaptive and maladaptive functioning of black children and white children. Child Study Journal, 23, 39-55.

Voelker, S. L., Shore, D. L., Brown-More, C., Hill, L. C., Miller, L. T., & Perry, J. (1990). Validity of self-report of adaptive behavior skills by adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 28 (5), 305-309.

Weller, C., Watteyne, L., Herbert, M., & Crelly, C. (1994). Adaptive behavior of adults and young adults with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 282-295.

Widaman, K. F., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., & Little, T. D. (1991). The structure and development of adaptive behaviors. In N. W. Bray (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation Vol. 17 (pp. 1-54).

Widaman, K. F., Gibbs, K. W., & Geary, D. C. (1987). Structure of adaptive behavior: I. Replication across fourteen samples of nonprofoundly mentally retarded people. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(4), 348-360.

Widaman, K. F., Stacy, A. W., & Borthwick-Duffy, S. A. (1993). Construct validity of dimensions of adaptive behavior: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98(2), 219-234.

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