2. Master reference list
Atkins MR/ID Flynn Effect references 7-22-10 (ver 7)
[For use in the“Atkins MR/ID Capital Punishment Flynn Effect Archive Project
at Intellectual Competence and Death Penalty (ICDP) blog:
[references in bold are new references added during last revision - 7-22-10]
AAIDD (2010).  Intellectual disability:  Definition, classification and systems of supports.  Washington, DC:  Author.
Ang, S. A., Rodgers, Wanstrom, L. (2010).  The Flynn Effect within subgroups in the U.S:  Gender, race, income, education, and urbanization differences in NLSY-Children data.  Intelligence, 38. 367- 384.
Ashton, M. (2008).  Review of What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1289-1291.
Beaujean, A. A., & Osterlind, S. J. (2008). Using item response theory to assess the Flynn Effect in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 79 Children and Young Adults Data. Intelligence, 36(5), 455- 463.
Blair, C., Gamson, D., Thorne, S., & Baker, D. (2005).  Rising mean IQ: Cognitive demand of mathematics education for young children, population exposure to formal schooling, and the neurobiology of the prefrontal cortex.  Intelligence, 33(1), 93-106.
Blair, C. (2006). How similar are fluid cognition and general intelligence? A developmental neuroscience perspective on fluid cognition as an aspect of human cognitive ability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(2), 109+.
Bocerean, C., Fischer, J. P., & Flieller, A. (2003). Long-term comparison (1921- 2001) of numerical knowledge in three to five-and- a-half year-old children. European Journal of Psychology of Education , 18(4), 405-424.
Bradmetz, J. & Mathy, F. (2006).  An estimate of the Flynn Effect: Changes in IQ and subtest gains of 10-   yr- old French children between 1965 and 1988. Psychological Reports, 99(3), 743- 746.
Breslau, N., Dickens, W. T., Flynn, J. R., Peterson, E. L., & Lucia, V. C. (2006). Low birth weight and social disadvantage: Tracking their relationship with children's IQ during the period of school attendance. Intelligence, 34(4), 351-362.
Brouwers, S. A., VandeVijver, F. J. R., & VanHemert, D. A. (2009). Variation in Raven's Progressive Matrices scores across time and place. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(3), 330- 338.
Ceci, S. J. & Kanaya, T. (2010).  "Apples and oranges are bound round:  Furthering the discussion on the Flynn Effect, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, in press.
Ceci, S.J., Scullin, M. & Kanaya, T. (2003).  The difficulty of basing death penalty eligibility on IQ cutoff scores for Mental Retardation.  Ethics & Behavior, 13(1), 11- 17.
Cocodia, E. A., Kim, J. S., Shin, H. S., Kim, J. W., Ee, J., Wee, M. S. W., & Howard, R. W. (2003). Evidence that rising population intelligence is impacting in formal education. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(4), 797-810.
Colom, R., Juan-Espinosa, M., & Garcia, L. F. (2001). The secular increase in test scores is a ''Jensen effect''. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 553-559.
Colom, R., Lluis-Font, J., & Andres-Pueyo, A (2005). The generational intelligence gains are caused by decreasing variance in the lower half of the distribution: Supporting evidence for the nutrition hypothesis.  Intelligence, 33 (1), 83-91
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001). Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. Psychological Review, 108(2), 346- 369.
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2006a). Black Americans reduce the racial IQ gap:  Evidence from standardization samples. Psychological Science, 17(10), 913-920.
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2006b). Common ground and differences. Psychological Science, 17(10), 923- 924.
Fitzgerald, S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). A comparison of WAIS- R and WAIS-  III in the lower IQ range: Implications for learning disability diagnosis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20, 323-330.
Fletcher, J., Stuebing, K., & Hughes, L. (2010).  IQ scores should be corrected for the Flynn effect in high stakes decisions.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assesment, 28 (5), in press.
Flynn, J. R. (1984a). IQ gains and the Binet decrements. Journal of Educational Measurement, 21, 283-         290.
Flynn, J. R. (1984b). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29- 51.
Flynn, J. R. (1985). Wechsler Intelligence Tests:  Do we really have a criterion of mental retardation? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90(3), 236-244.
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
Flynn, J. R. (1998a). IQ gains over time: Toward finding the cause. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long- term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 25-66). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Flynn, J. R. (1998b).  Israeli military IQ tests: Gender differences small; IQ gains large. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 541- 553.
Flynn, J. R. (1998c). WAIS-III and WISC-III: IQ gains in the United States from 1972 to 1995; how to compensate for obsolete norms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1231- 1239.
Flynn, J. R. (1999).  Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time. American Psychologist, 54(1), 5-  20.
Flynn, J. R. (2000). The hidden history of IQ and special education - Can the problems be solved? Psychology Public Policy and Law, 6(1), 191-198.
Flynn, J. R. (2003). Movies about intelligence: The limitations of g. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 95-99.
Flynn, J. R. (2006a). Tethering the elephant: Capital cases, IQ, and the Flynn effect. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12, 170- 189.
Flynn, J. R. (2006b). Towards a theory of intelligence beyond g. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(2), 132+.
Flynn, J. R. (2007a). What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect.  New York: Cambridge University Press.
Flynn, J. R. (2007b). Capital offenders and the death sentence: A scandal that must be addressed. Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 3-7.
Flynn, J. R. (2009).  The WAIS-III and WAIS-IV:  Daubert motions favor the certainly false over the approximately true.  Applied Neuropsychology, 16, 98- 104.
Flynn, J. R. (2010a).  The spectacles through which I see race and IQ debate.  Intelligence, 238, 363- 366.
Flynn, J. R. (2010b).  Problems with IQ gains: The huge Vocabulary gap. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Flynn, J. R. & Weiss, L. (2007).  American IQ gains from 1932 to 2002:  The WISC subtests and educational progress.  International Journal of Testing, 7(2), 209-224.
Flynn, J. R., & Widaman, K. F. (2008). The Flynn effect and the shadow of the past: Mental retardation and the indefensible and indispensible role of IQ. In L. M. Glidden (Ed.), International Review of Mental Retardation (Vol. 35, pp. 121- 149). Boston: Elsevier
Gobet, F., Campitelli, G., & Waters, A. J. (2002). Rise of human intelligence: Comments on Howard (1999). Intelligence, 30(4), 303-311.
Greenspan, S. (2006). Issues in the use of the "Flynn effect" to adjust IQ scores when diagnosing MR. Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 3-7.
Greenspan, S. (2007). Flynn-adjustment is a matter of basic fairness: Response to Roger B. Moore, Jr. Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 7-8.
Gresham, F. (2009).  Interpretation of Intelligence Test Scores in Atkins Cases: Conceptual and Psychometric Issues.  Applied Neuropsychology, 16, 91–97
Hagen, J. (2007).  The label mental retardation involves more than an IQ score:  A commentary on Kanaya and Ceci (2007).  Child Development Perspectives,1(1),60-61.
Hagan, L. D., Drogin, E. Y., & Guilmette, T. J. (2008). Adjusting IQ scores for the Flynn effect: Consistent with the standard of practice? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 619- 625.
Hagan, L. D., Drogin, E. Y., & Guilmette, T. J. (2010). IQ Scores Should Not Be Adjusted for the Flynn Effect in Capital Punishment Cases.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Hiscock, M. (2007). The Flynn effect and its relevance to neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(5), 514-529.
Howard, R. W. (1999). Preliminary real-world evidence that average human intelligence really is rising. Intelligence, 27(3), 235- 250.
Howard, R. W. (2001). Searching the real world for signs of rising population intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 30( 6), 1039-1058.
Juan-Espinosa, M., Cuevas, L., Escorial, S., & Garcia, L. F. (2006). The differentiation hypothesis and the Flynn effect. Psicothema, 18(2), 284-287.
Kanaya, T., Ceci, S. J (2007).  Are all IQ scores created equal?  The differential costs of IQ cutoff scores for at- risk children.   Child Development Perspectives,1(1),52-56.
Kanaya, T., Ceci, S. J (2007).  Mental retardation diagnosis and the Flynn Effect: General intelligence, adaptive behavior, and context. Child Development Perspectives,1(1),62-63
Kanaya, T., Ceci, S. J (2010).  The Flynn Effect in the WISC Subtests Among School Children Tested for Special Education Services.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment OnlineFirst, published on May 19, 2010 as doi:10.1177/0734282910370139
Kanaya, T., Ceci, S. J., & Scullin, M. H. (2003). The rise and fall of IQ in special ed: Historical trends and their implications. Journal of School Psychology, 41(6), 453- 465.
Kanaya, T., Scullin, M. H., & Ceci, S. J. (2003). The Flynn effect and US policies: The impact of rising IQ scores on American Society via mental retardation diagnoses. American Psychologist, 58(10), 778- 790.
Kane, H. D. (2000). A secular decline in Spearman's g: evidence from the WAIS, WAIS-R and WAIS- III. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(3), 561-566.
Kane, H., & Oakland, T. D. (2000). Secular declines in Spearman's g: Some evidence from the United States. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(3), 337- 345.
Kaufman, A. (2010a).  “In What Way Are Apples and Oranges Alike?”:  A Critique of Flynn’s Interpretation of the Flynn Effect.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Kaufman, A. (2010b). Looking through Flynn’s rose-coloured scientific spectacles.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Kaufman, K., & Weiss, L. (2010).  Guest Editors Introduction to the Special Issue of JPA on the Flynn Effect.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Khaleefa, O., Abdelwahid, S. B., Abdulradi, F., & Lynn, R. (2008). The increase of intelligence in Sudan 1964- 2006. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 412- 413.
Khaleefa, O., Sulman, A., & Lynn, R. J. (2009).  An increase in intelligence in Sudan, 1987- 2007. Journal of Biosocial Science, 41(2), 279-283
Lynn, R. (1977).  Selective emigration and the decline of intelligence in Scotland. Biodemography and Social Biology, 24(3), 173-182.
Lynn, R. (1982). IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature, 306, 291−292.
Lynn, R. (1987).  Japan:  Land of the Rising IQ:  A reply to Flynn. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 40, 464-468.
Lynn, R. (1989). A nutrition theory of the secular increase in intelligence: Positive correlations between height, head size, and IQ. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 372−377.
Lynn, R. (1990). The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence.Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 273−285.
Lynn, R. (1992). Does Spearman’s g decline at high IQ levels? Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153(2), 229-230
Lynn, R. & Cooper, C. (1993).  A secular decline in Spearman’s g in France.  Learning and Individual Differences, 5(1), 43-48.
Lynn, R. & Cooper, C. (1994).  A secular decline in Spearman’s g in Japan.  Current Psychology, 13(1), 3- 9.
Lynn, R. (1998). In support of the nutrition theory. In Ulric Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long- term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 207−218). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Lynn, R. & Harvey, J. (2008).  The decline of the world’s IQ.  Intelligence, 36(2), 112-120.
Lynn, R. (2009). Fluid intelligence but not vocabulary has increased in Britain, 1979–2008. Intelligence, 2009, 249−255.
Lynn, R., & Hampson, S. (1986).The rise of national intelligence: Evidence from Britain, Japan and the U.S.A. Personality and Individual Difference, 7, 23−32.
Light, M. L., & Chambers, W. R. (1958). A comparison of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler- Bellevue II with mental defectives.  American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 62, 878- 881.
Loehlin, J. C. (1997). Dysgenesis and IQ: What evidence is relevant? American Psychologist, 52(11), 1236-1239.
Lynn, R. (1982). IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature, 306, 291−292.
Lynn, R. (1989). A nutrition theory of the secular increase in intelligence: Positive correlations between height, head size, and IQ.British Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 372−377.
Lynn, R. (1990).The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 273−285.
Lynn, R. & Pagliari, C. (1994).  The intelligence of American children is still rising.   Journal of Biosocial Science, 26(1), 65-67.
Lynn, R. (1998). In support of the nutrition theory. In Ulric Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long- term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 207−218). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Lynn, R. (2009). Fluid intelligence but not vocabulary has increased in Britain, 1979–2008.Intelligence, 2009, 249−255.
Lynn, R., & Hampson, S. (1986). The rise of national intelligence: Evidence from Britain, Japan and the U.S.A. Personality and Individual Difference, 7, 23−32.
Lynn, R. & Harvey, J. (2008).  The decline of the world’s IQ.  Intelligence, 36(2), 112-120.
Lynn, R. & Pagliari, C. (1994).  The intelligence of American children is still rising. Journal of Biosocial Science, 26(1), 65-67.
Lynn, R. (2009). What has caused the Flynn effect? Secular increases in the Development Quotients of infants. Intelligence,37(1),16-24
Lynn, R. & Meisenberg, G. (2010).  The average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans: Comments on Wicherts, Dolan, and van der Maas.  Intelligence, 38, 21–29
McGrew, K. (2010). The Flynn Effect and Its Critics:  Rusty Linchpins and “Lookin’ for g and Gf in Some of the Wrong Places.”  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Mingroni, M. A. (2007). Resolving the IQ paradox: Heterosis as a cause of the Flynn effect and other trends. Psychological Review, 114(3), 806-829.
Moore, R. B. (2006). Letter to the Editor: Modification of individual’s IQ scores is not acceptable professional practice. Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 11- 12.
Must, O., Must, A., & Raudik, V. (2003). The secular rise in IQs: In Estonia, the Flynn effect is not a Jensen effect. Intelligence, 31(5), 461-471.
Nettelbeck, T., & Wilson, C. (2004). The Flynn effect: Smarter not faster. Intelligence, 32(1), 85- 93.
Nijenhuis, J. T., & vanderFlier, H. (2007). The secular rise in IQs in the Netherlands: Is the Flynn effect on g? Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1259-1265.
Neisser, U. (1998). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [Note.  TOC and editors introductory chapter available byclicking here].
Pullmann, H., Allik, J. & Lynn, R. (2004).   The growth of IQ among Estonian school children from ages 7 to 19. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36(6), 735-740.
Resing, W. C. & Tunteler, E. (2007).  Children becoming more intelligent: Can the Flynn effect be generalized to other child intelligence tests? International Journal of Testing, 7(2), 191-208.
Reynolds, C., Niland, J., Wright, J., & Rosenn, M. (2010).  Failure to Apply the Flynn Correction in Death Penalty Litigation:  Standard Practice of Today Maybe, but Certainly Malpractice of Tomorrow.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Rodgers, J. L., & Wanstrom, L. (2007). Identification of a Flynn effect in the NLSY: Moving from the center to the boundaries. Intelligence, 35(2), 187-196.
Rodgers, J. L. (1999). A critique of the Flynn Effect: Massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both? Intelligence, 26(4), 337- 356.
Ronnlund, M., & Nilsson, L. G. (2008). The magnitude, generality, and determinants of Flynn effects on forms of declarative memory and visuospatial ability: Time- sequential analyses of data from a Swedish cohort study. Intelligence, 36(3), 192-  209.
Ronnlund, M., & Nilsson, L. G. (2009). Flynn effects on sub-factors of episodic and semantic memory: Parallel gains over time and the same set of determining factors. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2174-2180.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2006). The totality of available evidence shows the race IQ gap still remains. Psychological Science, 17(10), 921-922.
Rushton, J. P. & Jensen, A. R. (2010).  The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap? Intelligence, 38 (2), 213-219.
Russell, E. (2007).  Commentary: The Flynn effect revisited. Applied Neuropsychology, 14(4), 262- 266
Russell, E. (2010).  Commentary:  The “obsolescence” of assessment procedures.  Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 60-67
Sanborn, K. J., Truscott, S. D., Phelps, L., & McDougal, J. L. (2003). Does the Flynn Effect differ by IQ level in samples of students classified as learning disabled? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21(2), 145-159.
Scullin, M. H. (2006). Large state-level fluctuations in mental retardation classifications related to introduction of renormed intelligence test. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 111, 322- 335.
Senechal, C., Larivee, S., Audy, P. & Engelbert, R. (2007).  The Flynn effect and mental retardation. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 48(4), 256-270.
Shayer, M., & Ginsburg, D. (2009). Thirty years on - a large anti- Flynn effect? (II): 13- and 14- year-  olds. Piagetian tests of formal operations norms 1976- 2006/7. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 409-  418.
Shayer, M., Ginsburg, D., & Coe, R. (2007). Thirty years on - a large anti- Flynn effect? The Piagetian test Volume & Heaviness norms 1975-2003. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 25-  41.
Silverstein, M. L., & Nelson, L. D. (2000). Clinical and research implications of revising psychological tests. Psychological Assessment, 12(3), 298-303.
Simon, C. L. & Clopton, J. R. (1984). Comparison of WAIS and WAIS-R scores of mildly and moderately mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 301- 303.
Spitz, H. H. (1983). Intratest and intertest reliability and stability of the WISC, WISC- R, and WAIS Full Scale IQs in a mentally retarded population. The Journal of Special Education, 17, 69-80.
Spitz, H. H. (1986). Disparities in mentally retarded persons’ IQs derived from different intelligence tests. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 588- 591.
Spitz, H. H. (1989). Variations in Wechsler interscale IQ disparities at different levels of IQ. Intelligence, 13, 157-    167.
Spruill, J., & Beck, B. L. (1988). Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS- R: Different results for different IQ groups. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 31- 34
Sternberg, R. (2010).  The Flynn Effect: So What?  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Sundet, J. M., Barlaug, D. G., & Torjussen, T. M. (2004). The end of the Flynn effect?  A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century. Intelligence, 32, 349-       362.
Sundet, J. M., Borren, I., & Tambs, K. (2008). The Flynn effect is partly caused by changing fertility patterns. Intelligence, 36(3), 183-191.
Sundet, J. M., Eriksen, W., Borren, I. & Tambs, K. (2010).  The Flynn effect in sibships: Investigating the role of age differences between siblings.  Intelligence, 38, 38–44.
Teasdale, T. W. (2009). The Danish Draft Board's intelligence test, BØrge Priens PrØrve: properties and research applications through 50 years. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 633-638.
Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2000). Forty-year secular trends in cognitive abilities. Intelligence, 28 (2), 115- 120.
Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2005). A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(4), 837- 843.
Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (2008). Secular declines in cognitive test scores: A reversal of the Flynn Effect. Intelligence, 36(2), 121-126.
Truscott, S. D., & Frank, A. J. (2001). Does the Flynn effect affect IQ scores of students classified as LD? Journal of School Psychology, 39(4), 319-334.
Tuddenham, R. D. (1948). Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist, 3, 54−56.
Voracek, M. (2006). Phlogiston, fluid intelligence, and the Lynn-Flynn effect. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(2), 142+.
Weiss, L. G. (2007). Response to Flynn.  WAIS-III Technical Report. San Antonio: Harcourt Assessments.
Weiss, L. G. (2010).  Considerations on the Flynn Effect. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.
Wicherts, J. M. (2008).  Review of What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect. Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 41-43.
Widaman, K. (2007).  Stalking the roving IQ score cutoff:  A commentary on Kanaya and Ceci (2007).  Child Development Perspectives,1(1),57-59.
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Hessen, D. J., Oosterveld, P., vanBaal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Span, M. M. (2004). Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence, 32(5), 509- 537.
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010). Raven’s test performance of sub- Saharan Africans; mean level, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect. Learning and Individual Differences, 20 (3), 135-151
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010a). A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans. Intelligence, 38, 1-20.
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010b). The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test- takers [rejoinder to Lynn & Meisenberg, 2010] Intelligence, 38, 30-37.
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Young, B., Boccaccini, M. T., Conroy, M. A., & Lawson, K. (2007). Four practical and conceptual assessment issues that evaluators should address in capital case mental retardation evaluations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 169-178.
Zajonc, R. B., & Mullally, P. R. (1997). Birth order:  Reconciling conflicting effects. American Psychologist, 52(7), 685-699.
Zhou, X., Zhu, J., & Weiss, L. (2010).  Peeking inside the “blackbox” of the Flynn effect: Evidence from three Wechsler instruments.  Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28 (5), in press.